Inductive Grammar Teaching free essay sample

This part of the chapter gives us examples and principles on how to introduce a grammatical function or a grammatical structure. Examples given here are actually based on inductive methods of grammar teaching. First I want to give you a brief comparison of inductive and traditional methods of grammar teaching. Traditional Method: 1- It defines rules and exceptions at the first place explicitly. 2- It’s less interesting and unpleasant for many students 3- It’s precise, and can be more effective 4- It has order, clarity, and can be classified. Traditional method of course has its advantages. As I mentioned here, it is precise and clear, and I believe it’s much better than inductive methods. But what makes students think traditional method is boring or unpleasant, is that they think they’re supposed to only memorize these rules, while these have to use these rules and guidelines practically. Once these rules are only memorized, they’re useless. We will write a custom essay sample on Inductive Grammar Teaching or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But, if the teacher provides chances for students to use grammar in action, then it would be effective, even more than inductive methods. Unlike inductive methods that offer grammatical lessons scattered and unorderly, traditional method classifies grammar lessons, and I think, when lessons are in order and classified, they can be learnt much faster. Strictness of traditional method is undeniable. It bores typical student, because it requires higher level of intelligence to understand how one can benefit this efficient way of teaching. All of us, in this class have learned grammar with traditional method of teaching, like all the other students in this country. But what is the difference? We were more eager to learn English and get the most out of our books and teachers, and used what we learned practically, rather than only memorizing them to gain points. In other words, traditional method works best for eager students and helps them to learn faster. But what we should do to make unwilling students attracted and eager to learn? Here inductive methods works better because we are dealing with majority of students. Inductive Method: 1- Uses different means to make learning more interesting 2- Tries to keep students engaged 3- Provides chances for students to discover grammatical rules themselves. Makes best use of magic moments. Teacher uses flashcards, tapes, CDs, projectors and large screens, to make learning experience more interesting. Teacher tries to engage students by body language, tone of voice, asking them to complete various tasks, like roleplaying, working in pairs, etc. Rather than showing guidelines, teacher lets students to discover grammatical rules through speech and reading, by themselves. There are some special moments, like when a conversation develops unexpectedly or when a topic produces a level of interest on students, that students really want to discuss and learn. Teacher can simply decide to carry on planned lesson, but a better course is to recognize these magic moments and see how it can be used, rather than denying it, because it does not fit into our plan. At these moments, students have more potential to learn and we as teachers must make these moments as useful and effective as possible. Here in the book, we have some examples of introducing grammar, like using flashcards and engaging students in planned activities, like the ones we already saw on videos. I want to explain one example and then let Mr. Hassannejad to continue this chapter. Example: Girls’ night out Language: past simple irregular verbs Age: young adult Level: elementary In this example, students already know how to use verbs in past simple. Now teacher has picked a topic for students to discuss about, in pairs or small groups. The topic is girls’ night out. Students try to talk about their night party experience, like where they went, what they ate and drank, what they wore. The teacher puts students in a situation to use irregular verbs, and then introduces past forms on speech, then on board, course book or a chart.

Consider the extent to which firms within the UK post Hargreaves are now better placed to engage with eCommerce The WritePass Journal

Consider the extent to which firms within the UK post Hargreaves are now better placed to engage with eCommerce Introduction Consider the extent to which firms within the UK post Hargreaves are now better placed to engage with eCommerce ) Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Collective Management of Copyright and Related Rights and Multi-Territorial Licensing of Rights in Musical Works for Online Uses in the Internal Market, COM(2012) 372 final, Brussels: European Commission. Ghafele R and Gibert, B (2012) The Economic Value of Fair Use in Copyright Law: Counterfactual Impact Analysis of Fair Use Policy on Private Copying Technology and Copyright   Markets in Singapore, MPRA, 2012. Hargreaves, I (2011) Digital Opportunity: An Independent Review of Intellectual Property   and Growth, London: Intellectual Property Office. Manyika et. al., (2011) Big Data: The Next Frontier for Innovation, Competition and Productivity San Francisco: McKinsey Global Institute. Mettler A and Williams, A (2012) Wired for Growth and Innovation: How Digital Technologies are Reshaping Small- and Medium-Sized Businesses and Empowering Entrepreneurs, Brussels: Lisbon Council. OECD, (2012) â€Å"Internet Economy Outlook 2012† Samuelson, P, (2010) The Copyright Principles Project: Directions for Reform, Berkeley:   Copyright Principles Project. Veugelers, R. (2012). New ICT Sectors: Platforms for European Growth, Brussels: Bruegel.

Gemma Lynns Catering Services Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Gemma Lynns Catering Services - Term Paper Example The report will be divided accordingly: The first section of the report will discuss the principles of bookkeeping and accounting, giving an understanding as to why financial statements are important and how Gemma can use these financial statements to aid her in decision making. It will also answer the Gemma's first question regarding her profits. The second part of the report will discuss Gemma's business as it compares with the industry figures. Based on the figures, the report will also indicate the areas in her business that require improvements and provide suggestions on how these can be improved. The third part of the report will discuss Gemma's plans for expansion and provide suggestions on how profitability can be ensured during and after expansion. A section to coordinate the whole report will come after and provide concluding comments regarding the whole report. Gemma's catering business is a private enterprise under single proprietorship. Even though this does not obligate her to publish her accounts, it does not exclude her from having to document her financial records for taxation and other legal purposes. There are at least three minimum documents needed to properly audit her company's finances. Among these are the balance sheet, the income statement, and the cash flow statement, each of which has a specific purpose within a business enterprise.The balance sheet, from which a company's assets are balanced with their liabilities, "shows a 'snapshot' of the firm at the particular point in time"(Blandon, 2001). It contains important information such as the company's assets (cash in the bank, stock, debtors, and fixed assets), liabilities (creditors, tax payables, other types of liabilities such as long-term loans), and net worth.

Consumer Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Consumer Behaviour - Essay Example There has been drastic increase in the online shopping all over the world due to several reasons. Owing to the increasing online buying and shopping trends it has become important to analyse and evaluate consumer behaviour of the online shoppers along with the buying and purchase decision process of these online buyers. This in turn will allow the marketers to come up with effective and efficient strategies to attract this particular subculture. The aim of this study would be to analyse the consumer buying behaviour of the online shoppers and the factors that lead to such behaviour. In order to evaluate the buying behaviour of the online shoppers, consumer choice would be evaluated in particular. This will help in identifying the influence of consumer choice on the buying behaviour of online shoppers and buyers. In addition, the buying behaviour of the consumers in the online shopping industry will also be assessed along with the factors that lead to such modern shopping means. SUBCU LTURES OF CONSUMPTION AND CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOUR Different researchers have defined consumer behaviour as the activities performed by individuals or groups that eventually lead to decisions or actions (Pachauri, 2002). The decisions that are made by individuals or groups include purchase, use and disposal of goods and services (Desmond, 2003). On the other hand, the concept of consumer behaviour is defined as the particular way in which an individual acts when consuming or disposing products (O’Dougherty, Haynes, Davies & O’Connor, 2007). Solomon (1995) describes consumer buying behaviour as a process aimed to satisfy the needs and wants of the consumer due to which the consumer makes certain decisions associated with the selection, purchase, use and disposal of products, services and experience. The concept of consumer behaviour is quite vast as each individual in the society and community has a unique behaviour according to which the person acts. The aim behind su ch actions and decisions made by the individuals or groups is to satisfy the needs and wants which could be done with the selection, purchase and disposal of the products and services (Schiffman, Kanuk, and Hansen, 2011). With advancement in technology, consumers are constantly changing their buying behaviour. This can be observed when the consumer shifted from the traditional buying methods to more modern online buying (Solomon, Bamossy, Askegaard, and Hogg, 2010). In order to identify the consumer buying behaviour, stimulus-behaviour model and buying process model are frequently used (Evans, Jamal, and Foxall, 2009). The stimulus-behaviour model proposed that internal and external stimuli play an essential role in influencing buyer’s behaviour. Marketing mix (i.e. product, price, place and promotion) and external model (i.e. economic, technological, political and cultural stimuli) can influence the consumer’s buying decision in terms of product, brand, time and amoun t. On the other hand, the buying process model includes 5 core steps taken by the individual to satisfy the needs and wants (Blackwell, Miniard, and Engel, 2006). The steps include recognition of need, information search, and alternative available in the market, purchasing and post-purchase decisions (Hawkins & Mothersbaugh, 2009). The steps involved in the consumer purchase or buying process are given in the image below: (Neal, Quester, & Hawkins, 2004) These theories of consumer buying b

Compare and Contrast Augustine(Political Writing) and Aquinas (The Essay

Compare and Contrast Augustine(Political Writing) and Aquinas (The Political Ideas Of ST. Thomas Aquinas) - Essay Example While some thinkers have argued for theological positions such as Christian communism, others propose that Christians should have limited participation in politics. Saint Augustine and Thomas Aquinas’ works attempt to provide a harmonious relationship between politics and Christianity. Augustine and Aquinas thoughts on politics are similar in terms of their theological positions, and differ in terms of Augustine’s theological outlook and Aquinas’s rational position on matters. Augustine, as a classical theologian, had notable works that he produced on politics. This occurred in spite of his firm grounding on religion. Augustine’s work had remained as classical in defining religion’s relationship with the society. Augustine discusses dual citizenship in terms of heaven and earth. He recognizes that human beings are bound to the functioning of the earthly state and the heavenly kingdom. Augustine allegorically refers to cities, the earthly city and th e city of God. The earthly city belongs to the class of individuals who are damned. According to Augustine, such individuals do not possess God’s blessings (Saint Augustine 5). On the other hand, the people in the City of God have God’s blessings. The City of God surpasses earthly institutions such as the state. On the other hand, Thomas Aquinas is a theologian who embarked on a study of the church within an intellectual frame. This explains why the papacy recommended Aquinas’s texts as preliminary in attaining ordainments. This suggests that these two scholars shared a similarity in articulating an objective view of the church. In turn, they had designed a philosophical outlook on spiritual matters. It is essential to highlight that Augustine and Aquinas shared similar convictions about wars. The scholars agree that war can be a just affair as long as it builds on certain premises. According to Aquinas, war is necessary as a means of defense. In addition, war i s vital in the event of ensuring long-term peace. Aquinas laid out Augustine’s principles in justifying given wars. To begin with, there has to be considerable possibilities of winning a given war. In addition, a strong central authority should be responsible for waging such a war. The third premise stated that peace was to be the central motive in pursuing a war. Similarly, Augustine had proposed pacifism as a Christian way of living. This means that Christians should oppose war and violence as a means of initiating conflict resolution. Augustine, however, asserted that peacefulness in the case of a serious wrong, which only violence could stop, is a sin Saint (Augustine 29). Augustine states that defense of the self and others could be necessary in the case of an attack. A legitimate authority, however, has to approve such a defense. In as much as Augustine did not explicitly state the components of a just war, he, in an indirect sense, coined the term in The City of God wo rk. In this sense, it was sometimes necessary to have a war that helped preserve peace in the long-term. All the same, Augustine insisted that war should not be preemptive. This is a functional outlook on war that Aquinas uses to lay out the components of a just war. Both Aquinas and Augustine believe that the state is instrumental in safeguarding a common interest. Augustine discusses this concept in the scope of a political community. Aquinas discusses the state’s purpose in terms of justice. According to Augustine, both the state and the

Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Causes, Symptoms and Treatments Multiple sclerosis 1. Introduction: Neurology deals with complex and rare disorders. One of the most common neurodegenerative disorders is multiple sclerosis.[1] Multiple sclerosis is a disorder of central nervous system. It is characterized by demyelination, mononuclear cell inflammation and axonal injury. Axonal injury is rarely observed.[2] MS sclerosis is generally categorized under autoimmune disorders. Its causes are unknown.[3] Genetic as well as environmental factors play an important role in development of MS.[1] Elvin Cabalt was the first person to recognize the immune mediated infflamatory response in central nervous system of MS patients. He also found that oligoclonal immunoglobulins are present in cerebrospinal fluid of MS patients.[3]MS affects young adults more than any other age group.[4] It affects females more than males. 2.5 million individuals are affected with MS amongst which 70% are females.MS affects. The incidence of occurrence of MS in individuals varies amongst different regions. It affects northern European population more than the Asian and African population.[5] There is no much sensitive and specific diagnostic test or method for diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.[6] 2. pathological process in MS: Inflammation gliosis Oligodendrocyte axonal toxicity axonal and neuronal Toxicity and axonal loss loss Remyelination Central adaptation and plasticity Ref 1. 3. Classification Multiple sclerosis: Multiple sclerosis can be classified as symptomic multiple sclerosis and asymptomic multiple sclerosis. Symptoms are not seen in case of asymptomic MS whereas symptoms are seen in case of symptomic Sclerosis.[2] symptomic multiple sclerosis can be further classified as 1. Relapsing MS: Relapses are the most important features for diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Relapses may produce complete i.e permanent or temporary loss of function.[8] 2. Primary progressive MS : Primary progressive multiple sclerosis occurs most probably after the age of35. It involves spinal cord atrophy and difficulty in walking. MRI of brain shows less damage as compared to secondary progressive MS.[9] Primary progressive MS can be differentiated from relapsing-remitting MS by Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging(MRSI)[10] 3. Secondary progressive MS : secondary progressive MS is more severe than primary progressive MS. Cerebrospinal fluid of patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis shows increased level oligoclonal immunoglobulins(most probably IgG)[9].Patients with secondary progressive MS also have increased level of uric acid in their body.[11] 4. progressive relapsing MS: 5. Transitional MS.[7] The relative proportion of all the types of MS was studied in American population. The observations are as follows: Type % individuals suffering RRMS 55% SSMS 31% PPMS 9% PRMS 5% 4. Causes of multiple sclerosis: The exact cause of the disease i.e multiple sclerosis is still unknown.[3] It is generally thought that multiple sclerosis is initiated by an autoimmune response against myelin sheath and mononuclear cells of nervous system.[2]Both genetic as well as environmental factors are involved in the development of multiple sclerosis.[1] Genetic factors: The involvement of genetic factors in development of MS is confirmed by the fact that 10-12% of the people suffering from MS also have their family members suffering from this disorder. The incidence of occurrence of MS in case of monozygotic twins(28%) also confirms the involvement of genetic factors in development of MS.[7] However there are many cases where only one of the monozygotic twins is suffering from MS, this supports the involvement of environmental factors in development of MS.[2]multiple sclerosis do not show Mendelian pattern of inheritance. This is may be because number of genes involved in the development of MS are more than multiple.[12] The important genetic susceptibility locus involved in development of MS resides in the HLA-DRB gene. Presence of this haplotype increases the risk of development of MS 2-4 times more than the normal individuals[2]. Environmental factors: There are many environmental factors involved in the development of MS. Deficiency of vitamin D: Low levels of vitamin D are thought to be involved in the development of MS.[13]the amount of vitamin D present in individuals system will depend on the amount of sunlight reaching that area. So we can say that latitude also plays an important role in development of MS.[12] Smoking: Cigarette smoking increases the risk of development of MS[2]. It has proven by the survey in Northern America that more than 50% of patients suffering from MS are smokers.[12] Surgery: It has been observed that, individuals history of surgery may increase the risk of development of MS as compared to other individuals.[14]There is significant association between tonsillectomy , appendectomy and development of MS[1,14] Obesity: obesity during during young adulthood may be associated in the development of MS[2] Infection with certain viruses and bacteria : infection with certain viruses have been proven to increase the risk of development of MS{1,4,15]These viruses include Epstein Barr Virus,Herpes,Hepititis B virus and Chlamydia pneumonia[2,14] Latitude effect: It has been observed that as we go away from the latitude the percentage of individuals suffering through MS increases.[5] 5. Symptoms of multiple sclerosis: Early symptoms: Blurred vision Weakness in the arm or leg Tinging Loss of balance Thinking problems[1,4,16] Common symptoms: Tremor and ataxia: This has been observed in 75% of the patients suffering from MS. It is caused due to the degeneration of myelin sheath.[17] Bladder problems: people suffering through multiple sclerosis many times face bladder problems such as frequent urination, involuntary sphincter muscles.[16] Dizziness[1,3] Sexual trouble: Patients may have difficulty in having sexual intercourse.[1] Fatigue[1,3,4,16] Unusual sensation: patients may feel unusual sensations like itching, tearing , burning etc[16] Speech problems: people suffering through MS may sometimes develop speech problems. Swallowing problems: People with advanced stage of MS develop swallowing problems. It is important to know that the clinical symptoms of two different individuals suffering through MS differ from each other. 6. Diagnosis of Multiple sclerosis: The clinical symptoms of MS match with other common neurological disorders therefore it is difficult to diagnose MS at its early stage.[3]migraine may sometimes coexist with MS in case of females[6]therefore sensitive techniques are required for incorrect diagnosis MS .[6] some of the diagnosis methods are as fpllows: Magnetic Resonance Imaging: This is the most commonly used method for diagnosis of MS[3].MRI can detect presence of characteristic lesions of MS present in periventricular,infratentorial and juxtracortical region of the brain.[17]one of the limitations of MRI is that it cannot diagnose MS lesions in the early stage.[1] If a period of 3 months has elapse between the first MRI scan and the second MRI scan then the presence of progressive lesions is sufficient to dignose MS.[3] IT should be noted by all the physicians and radiologist that the diagnostic imaging crieteria is most effective when combined with standardise MRI protocols published by International Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis centres .[17] Presence of oligoclonal immunoglobulins: presence of oligoclonal IgG in the cerebrospinal fluid indicates the presence of MS lesions.[4] The presence of oligoclonal immunoglobulins is detected by electrophoresis. the bands obtained after electrophoresis can be isolated for further analysis.[1] Alkaline phosphatase method and peroxidase method for detecting presence of oligoclinal antibodies: It has been found that the alkaline phosphatase method is more sensitive than the peroxidase method for detecting the presence of oligoclonal bands.[18] Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting: the is the advanced method of diagnosis of MS. The cerebrospinal fluid of suspected individuals is checked by FACS. These samples are checked for the presence of cell surface markers such as CD4, CD25, CD20, CD40, CD25,CCR6 and CD45. It has been observed that B-cells/monocytes (CD20/CD14) ratio differs between MS patients and patients suffering through common inflammatory disease. Biomarkers used for diagnosis: Differential microRNA expression: microRNA’s are differentially expressed in MS patients. microRNA145 is the potential diagnostic biomarker. [18] Myelin Binding Protein (MBP): MBP is basically found in myelin sheath of a neuron. Presence of MBP in the surrounding cerebrospinal fluid indicates the presence of neurodegenerative disorder such as MS[2] Neurospecific enolase: increased level of this enzyme in cerebrospinal fluid may indicate presence of MS. This enzyme is found in the cytosol of the neurons.[1] Inflammatory markers: Glial Fibrillary acidic Protein: This protein is the major component of intermediate filaments of glial cells.[19] It increases when glial cells are associated with astrocytes. This can be used as potential biomarker for diagnosis of MS[9] Biomarkers for remyelination and repair: These biomarkers are not been systematically evaluated. Potential candidates for this type of biomarkers include Neuronal cell adhesion factors(NCAF)[20] Marker for astrocyte activation and gliosis: S-100 is a calcium binding protein found in astrocytes and Schwann cells. Its presence in CSF indicates the presence of neurodegenerative disorder.[19] 7. Treatment of MS: 1. Use of anti-CD20 antibodies: Rituximab is used to treat mostly the patients suffering from primary and relapsing remmiting MS.[20]

thier eyes were watching god :: essays research papers

â€Å"Baby Janie† Their Eyes Were Watching God is a novel about a woman named Janie who grows up and finds out what life and God have in store for her. The story is very similar to Black Women by Georgia Johnson. This novel and poem share similar themes, characters, and symbols. This similarity is seen through out these two works within their writing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These two stories both tell a basic theme of being born into a harsh world and the choices which must be made by the characters. The themes main focus is on the development of the baby and Janie and the paths they chose to follow. In â€Å"Black Woman† the child is ready to be born, but the mother isn’t willing to have the baby just yet. Her reasoning for not wanting to have the baby is the fact that the world is full of â€Å"cruelty and sin† and the â€Å"monster men† (Johnson, 4) who inhabit the earth are bad. The mother in this poem can see the world is harsh and that raising a baby in such a world would be difficult and a struggle. In Their Eyes Were Watching God, Janie’s grandma wants her to get married to an older man right away. Her reasoning is because she too also has seen how harsh the world is and doesn’t want her baby Janie to be stuck alone and have to live in hardship. Janie, like the unborn child, is determ ined to go her own path and set her own life. They both seem to feel that they are ready for what life has in store for them. Janie wants to live her own life by her own decisions, and the baby wants to go on the same path and be born into the world to start its’ â€Å"path†. These similarities in theme are very apparent through the novel and relates to Black Woman’s story.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both Their Eyes Were Watching God and â€Å"Black Woman† have very similar characters due to their decisive and protective qualities. Janie is very happy with life as she sees it and wants to make her own decisions. Her grandma wants to protect her from a wrong choice, so she decides Janie must marry Logan. †I wants to see you married right away† (Hurston 12). Like Janie, the unborn child is ready to come into the world and live a beautiful life of happiness.